The Structure of Evolutionary Theory
Category: Science
The New Mind-Body Science of Depression
The Science Book: Everything You Need to Know About the World and How It Works
The Greatest Show On Earth
One Two Three Infinity Facts and Speculations of Science
All right. One, Two, Three Infinity: Facts and Speculations of Science, George Gamow. All right, Mr. George Gamow.
All right. Playing with numbers, space, time, and Einstein, micro cosmos, macro cosmos, and then a whole bunch of illustrations. Whole bunch of them. Big numbers. No, let’s see what he’s talking about. My eyes are kind of funny.
How high can you count? A gazillion. Boom. Just did it. Count as high as possible. Infinity. All right. “There’s a story about two Hungarian aristocrats who decided to play a game in which one who calls the largest number wins. ‘Well,’ said one of them, ‘You name your number first.’ After a few minutes of hard mental work, the second aristocrat finally named the largest number he could think of. ‘Three,’ he said. Now it was the turn of the first one to do the thinking. But after a quarter of an hour, he finally gave up. ‘You’ve won,’ he agreed.
“Of course, these two Hungarian aristocrats did not represent a very high degree of intelligence, and this story is probably just a malicious slander. But such a conversation might actually have taken place if the two men had been not Hungarians, not Hottentots. We have indeed on the authority of African explorers that many Hottentot tribes did not have in their vocabulary the name for numbers larger than three. Ask a native down there how many sons he has or how many enemies he has slain. And if the number is more than three, he will answer, ‘Many.’
“Thus in the Hottentot country in the art of counting fierce words would have been beaten by an American child of kindergarten age who could boast the ability to count up to 10. Nowadays, we’re quite accustomed to the idea that we can write as big a number as we please, whether it is to represent war expenditures, incense or stellar distances in inches by simply setting down a significant number of zeros on the right side of some figure. You can put in zeros until your hand gets tired. And before you know it, you will have a number larger than the following number of atoms in the universe, which identically is a lot.”
That, and that’s what I meant. Nowadays, what’s the largest number you can think of? Infinity. All right, going on and on and on. But this is interesting. “This arithmetic wasn’t known in ancient times. In fact, it was invented less than 2000 years ago by some unknown Indian mathematicians before his great discovery. And this was a great discovery. Although we usually do not realize it, numbers were written by using a specific symbol for each of what we now call decimal units and repeating this symbol as many times as there were units. For example, the number 8,073 was written in ancient Japanese.”
How? What are you even… Okay. Makes sense. So you have, look, you have eight of these, seven of these, three of these. You have eight of these, seven of these, three of these, two of these. Whereas, a clerk in Caesar’s office would have represented it in this form. So remember, this is what Egyptians and this is the Romans. So obviously, Roman numerals, we still use Roman numerals. Think of the Super Bowl.
Well, and think about it. Okay. What he’s saying right here, the only way that you would have been able to write one million is to take the thousand and write that down. Or what is it? A thousand M’s in succession, and then that would have been a million, because a thousand times a thousand is a million. Right?
Psammites or Sand Reckoner, Archimedes says, “There are some who think that the number of sand grains is infinite in multitude. And I mean, by saying not only that which exists about [inaudible 00:06:59], and the rest is Sicily, but all the grains of sand which may be found in all the regions of the earth, whether inhabited or uninhabited. Again, there are some who, without regarding the number as infinite, yet think that no number can be named which is great enough to exceed that, which would designate the number of the earth’s grains of sand.
“And it is clear that those who hold this view, if they imagine a mass made up of sand and other respects as large as the mass of the earth, including in it all the seas and all the hollows of the earth filled up in the height of the highest mountain, would be still more certain that no number could be expressed which would be greater than that needed to represent the grains of sand that’s accumulated. But I will try to show that of the numbers named by me, some exceed not only the numbers of grains of sand, which would make a mass equal in size of the earth, fill in a way to describe, but even equal to the mass of the universe.”
All right. So the way that he did this is kind of the way we do it today. He begins with the largest number that existed in ancient Greek arithmetic, a myriad or a 10,000. Then he introduced a new number, a myriad myriad, a hundred million, which he called an octate or a unit of a second class octate, octates, or 10 to the 16th is called a unit of the third class, octate, octate, octate. A unit of the fourth class of writing of large numbers may seem too trivial a matter to which to devote several pages of a book, but in the time of Archimedes, the finding of a way to write big numbers was a great discovery and important step in the forward to science and mathematics.”
I’m very interested. I am very interested. That is super interesting. And it keeps going on and on and one, playing with the big numbers. I’m glad I found this. I never would’ve thought about that. But if you think about where we came from, that’s true. We talked about writing in a different book this morning. We’re talking about numbers now. Man, just think a thousand years from now, all the things that they’re doing, they’re going to look back at us and be like, “Man, those were ancient people.” You know what I’m saying?
They only used 10% of their brain? Right? Because back here, it seems like they’re only using maybe 5%, maybe 1%, right? They didn’t know how to write. They didn’t know how to read. They didn’t know how to create. They didn’t know how to do large numbers. So let’s say 3% of their brain. So we’re studying off of people like 3% of their brain.
Imagine some of the top smartest people nowadays use 15, maybe 10%. Right? So in 2000 years, hopefully it doesn’t take that long, and people are using 80% of their brain, they’re going to look back at us and just think of us as the Neanderthals. Does that make sense?
A Scientific Man And The Bible
All right, A Scientific Man and the Bible, Howard Atwood Kelly. Let’s see. Howard Atwood Kelly was called at the age of 31 from Kensington Hospital in Pennsylvania and an academic appointment at University of Pennsylvania to become the first professor of obstetrics and gynecology at the new Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimere… Baltimore, excuse me. So he was a doctor. Well, what is it? So he was a doctor. Let’s see what else is this. Well is this what… The forward and biographical introduction is half the book, right? That’s the introduction. So I mean, I’ll read the introduction to you. I mean, I’m going to read it to myself because again… I’m sorry, what?
All right so the forward and biographical introduction with Scripture as Transforming Science Medicine, Howard Kelly, yeah, that’s him, then Scripture Ellipsed by Science Medicine by William Halston, Scripture Against Science Medicine, William Welch, Scripture and Science Medicine Compartmentalized, William Osler. What is this? The Academy in the Service of Christ and His People, Reformed Academic Press. Okay so this is who wrote the book, over here.
I mean, it’s going to be very interesting on their perspective on things. Yeah. They got the how I came to my present faith, the whole Bible, the word of God, the deity of Christ, the Virgin birth, the blood atonement, the resurrection of the body and the Lord’s return because what’s very interesting about this is with books you really have to be open-minded. I mean, you really do because you have no idea what you’re going to see. It’s like I said, I keep saying life is like a box of chocolates. Well, books, these boxes are like a box of chocolates, right? You never know what you’re going to get.
What is this book? And like I said, everything, take it with a grain of salt, you might learn something, might not. Well, that one, hold on, let’s see. Six to 15, so 15. So the first one, where does it start? It starts on six. Scripture as Transforming Science Medicine, Howard Kelly. All right. Oh yeah, that’s exactly where I started reading it. Kelly concentrated on gynecological surgery at Hopkins leaving the field of obstetrics mainly to.. Oh man, there’s too many big words. I apologize. You know what I’m saying? I’ll practice them later.
Let’s see. Okay, so yeah, this is an introduction. I mean, I’m still trying to figure this book out a little bit without reading the whole entire thing, right? Because my job is just to kind of get you interested and kind of understand, try to find a little piece of gold in there. How richly he speaks to his own generation today, the simple strategy of reading and applying the scriptures himself revealed self-evident truths of God’s word to Dr. Kelly, who avidly defended these truths his entire life. Kelly expressed desire with the exert energy or every energy to arouse Christians to their need of a wider and deeper knowledge of the word of God, and so to draw them to a closer daily walk with Christ, who is one with that word. When confronted with the claims of evolutionary theory, Kelly took a cautious approach, not retreating into anti-scientific biblical literalism, nor adopting a theory where it was unsupported by evidence.
So see, this is what made it interesting. So he is a devout Christian, but then see a scientific man and the Bible, right? Because science and the Bible don’t make sense. So that’s part of the reason why it was interesting to kind of see his partake on it back in the olden days. In a letter he wrote to William Jennings Bryan at the time of the scopes trial… So there was a trial that went on, wow. All right. Kelly stated his brief and his continuous sequence in life history and believed in evolution of organic life and in this world yet he also rejected naturalistic and mechanics underpinnings of natural selection and warned against the errors of philosophical and sociological Darwinism. Life originated by divine fiat and Adam and Eve were historic individuals created by a special act of God. The Genesis account was not at odds with the current scientific thinking, but rather transformed the ramifications of the evidence like others before him, including the great Princeton theologian, BB Warfield. Kelly did not view a literary reading of the Genesis account as a threat to a high view of scripture in Rancey.
Okay. I miss the excitement and revolution in American medicine taking place at Hopkins at the turn of the century, Dr. Kelly saw his calling to Christ as watershed of commitment. He is an example of a Christian citizen most criticized and at times an embarrassment to the professional community at John Hopkins University. He is a great legacy to all those struggling with these same challenges of living in the present age. His defense rests on the uncompromisable foundations of the Christian beliefs as the contents of these books of Lord.
And that’s the rest of this book, it’s the chapters. So I’m starting to get the scope of this book, what it is. So let’s go a little bit more. How often these are very issues those claiming the title of Christians was explained away for fear of being labeled unscientific or irrational. But here, we have an able defense from one of those leading scientists of American medicine who draws are no more than the clear testimony of scripture apply to the life of God’s call. Wow, I get it now.
So what this book is… I mean, I don’t know if you guys got it. So what this book is, what it does, what it’s doing is it took those four people, they’re very biblical men, they’re very Christian people. Well, Christian or religion and science don’t make sense together. Well, what this book is doing is it’s bridging that gap, right? So through Dr. Kelly’s book, which I’ll read a little bit more in my article, because this is kind of interesting the more that I’m reading about it… Wow. Hold on. Expressions of Dr. Kelly’s Christian faith were regularly sought after during his lifetime. A Scientific Man and the Bible was actually a compilation of a series of articles written to the weekly Sunday School Times, Dr. Charles G Trumball, then editor of the Sunday School Times noted that upon the announcement of the impending series subscriptions to his paper increase at a rate of 1200 per day until well over 30,000 new subscriptions were entered. Dr. Kelly also wrote articles for the Moody Monthly, as well as several short articles written in leaflet forum and widely distributed by a Christian organizations. As well, Kelly never tired of sharing the joys of his Christian life through his correspondence with those who sought to win over Christ. So I can’t remember… There it is, Joel Olsteen if you guys have ever heard of Joel Olsteen’s, he’s kind of like the old Joel Olsteen of the day, writing a whole bunch of different publications, but he did it from a scientific outlet. That’s very interesting. I mean, 30,000, just think about that, 30,000 subscriptions went from 1200 subscriptions a day, right, the second that the Christian community learned that he was writing his scientific Christian bridged the gap. That’s interesting. I mean, just think about that in today’s numbers, if he was selling that subscription for like $10 that just brought in $300,000 a year, just by adding his thing, all right? 30,000 subscribers, $10, 300,000. Boom, that’s how I got the math, right? And that’s per month. Well, it was $3 million a year, excuse me. Yeah. That’s a lot of money that he brought to the table. I don’t know how much they were charging a subscription, I’m just using $10 as an example but even a dollar that’s $30,000 a month. That’s a lot.
Now I am interested about, what was he saying? All right? Yeah. I bet you… Oh, I’m out of time. Sorry.
Essentials Of Geology
We’re going to try it a little bit different where instead of me looking at the camera, I have no idea if I’m in focus, but hopefully when I’m looking down at the book, I’ll be able to tell if you guys can see what I’m looking at better or not. This is why we’re doing this experiment. Let’s go back to the books. Let’s check out Advancing in the World of Work. What is this? No, that’s not in English. All this isn’t in English on this incredible light in texture, that’s kind of interesting. We got the collecting of guns…geology. Honestly, I’m not going to lie. Geology caught me more than anything else.
I’m getting old.
Essentials of Geology. You can kind of see how my room’s a little messy, whatever. I can get over it. Let’s check it out.
They don’t really explain how great geology is. Part of the reason I like geology is because I want to be a miner, I want to go get my gold. Right? My gold or my other things in Earth’s crest. In order to do that, you have to be a survey. You got to understand geology. All right. You can’t build on any type of thing and each little particle…where is the beginning of the book? I wasn’t even there yet, that’s why. If you’ve watched some of the other episodes of me rambling on about books, this is more of an adult book. You see how there’s just massive amounts and less pictures. The younger people’s books, they’re way more interesting. You can learn a lot faster because you don’t have to read as much, is what I’m saying. You can just look at pictures. You’re going to learn a lot more from this, obviously. Let’s look at this.
Rock groups, patterns and minerals, running water, jolly of streams and floods, unsafe ground landslides, riches and rock, energy and mineral resources. I want to learn about that, but there you go. Look at that. You can read most of that. That’s amazing. I think this is the better way to do it. While you’re listening to me, you yourself can look through the brief content and if something interests you, then Essentially of Geology. What interests me…where was I was? Here we go. Riches and rock. Of course, riches. That’s got me. That’s marketing right there, baby. 321. What is this? Look at this.
Types of metamorphic rock. Whoa. This is crazy. This is way more…I even forgot what page I was going to. 321.
See, this is the landslides and stuff. Look at this. They’ve got a car.
Here’s a quick little timeline. Remember 321. The Big Bang, origin of life, complex life appears, age of the dinosaurs, the Triassic to Jurassic to Cretaceous, the age of the mammals.
Oh, the horse was before the woolly mammoth. That’s crazy, I didn’t know that. 321. Oh, there we go. Look. Where’s the…what the fuck is that? Oh, excuse me. I’m sorry. What is this? This is the supercontinent and the late. These are the big continents. This is why you don’t see anything that makes any sense.
They put North…yeah, right dude. I don’t know what that is.
Here’s a different one.
Let’s get to where I’m at. You guys are going to let me get distracted. Riches in rock, energy and mineral resources. Look at this.
Oil and gas now account for more than half energy supplies. Yes, but what is this graph? Energy needs have increased in the past 150 years. Different energy resources have been used to fill those needs.
Wow.
Wood, and then to the two thousands. Look at that. Nuclear, just a little bit. Oil and gas, coals. Coals is right there. This book’s a little bit older. As we all know, renewable sources or renewable energy is really big right now. Through here, sources of energy in the earth system. I’ll go over this a little bit more, most definitely in the larger part. I’m not going to do the whole chapter, but this is interesting. Let’s see if there’s anything more interesting.
No, this is cool. Oil and gas, what are oil and gas and where do oil and gas form. Look at this. Carbon and hydrogen atoms that combined oil and natural gas come from cells of algae and plankton, not from trees or dinosaurs. Well, who thought it came from trees and dinosaurs? Transformation of tiny and floaty organisms into flammable liquids or gases takes several steps and can only happen under special conditions. The process begins when the organisms die and their bodies accumulate along with clay on the floor of a quiet lake or sea. The bodies are so tiny that they cannot settle in places where the water is moving. The water is at the side of the deposition, contains dissolved oxygen. The organic chemicals make up the bodies of either oxidized or organic chemicals, making up the bodies oxidized or eaten by microbes and decompose.
But in oxygen-poor water, the organic chemicals survive and mix with clay to form an ooze, which, when deeply buried, become beds of black organic shale. The organic chemicals in such beds are the raw materials from which hydrocarbon form, so black organic shale is called source rock. Wow. I had no idea. That was pretty interesting. Now, obviously there’s more to it like, if a source rock is buried deeply enough, it becomes warmer, since temperatures increase with depth in the Earth. Chemical reactions, slowly transform the organic material in black shale into waxy substance called kerogen. Figure 2-2. There we go. Here’s the picture. Start right here.
The water goes down here to the source rock, organic-rich mud turns to black shale. Under heat and pressure kerogen forms. The kerogen forms right here. This is 80 degrees Celsius. Then 120 degrees Celsius, that’s when it turns into oil. Basically, it’s a melting process of the plankton. Wow. That’s interesting. I would have never known that dead feces and dead animals and mammals and things in clay mixed together like, plankton and clay floating water sink and accumulate. That’s crazy. Then more sediment accumulates over the plankton-rich layer compresses it, and then it turns into source rock. Then as temperatures increase, kerogen turns to oil and the oil rises. Wow. That’s very interesting.
I had no idea. Well, this video is way longer than I wanted it to be, but that was interesting. I’ll read some more and then I will be able to give you a deeper analysis of…what chapter was this called? Riches in rock energy and mineral resources.
Theories Of Personality
As the world turns, we are back to another edition of Erik Looking At Books. I see one kind of interesting. We got Theories of Personality. That one looks kind of interesting. What do you guys think? Let’s take it out. What year is this? We got… Yup, by Calvin Hall, University of Cali, Santa Cruz. Gardener Lindzey, University of Texas. And then the teachers. How old is this? Wow, look. Look, this is pretty old, 1970. I wonder how long John Wiley & Sons? You’d think it would probably be great grandson just by now. I’m sorry. That was a dumb inside joke.
Okay. Let’s see what they got here. Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory. Jung’s Analytic Theory. Social Psychological Theories. Murray’s… Okay. Okay. So they’re all just different people’s theories. What else do we got in this book? That’s just about it. Look at that. Nope, we got Roger’s Self Theory, Personality Theory & Perspective, Skinner’s Operant… Oh, this is going to be a great… I’m going to break every chapter down eventually, but that’s going to be great because everyone always wants to talk about personality tests and this and that and bluesy blousy. So now we got a book and an old one, right, that got all these different people. I’ve never heard of half of these people. I’ve heard Sigmund Freud, but that’s Lewin. That’s about it. What do we see? Stimulus Responsive Theory, 417.
Okay. So what they’re… I mean the first one, that’s a pretty good introduction. You can read it and I’ll read it out loud for you. “We shall present here the personality theory that is the most elegant, most economical, and shows the closest link to its natural science forebears. Stimulus response theory, at least in its origins, can accurately be labeled a laboratory theory in contrast to the other theories with which we have dealt with the role of clinical or naturalistic observations have been much more important.”
All right, let’s see if we got any little golden nuggets because obviously I already read the chapter. So we got this Russians whatever Ivan Pavlov. He was able to demonstrate that through the simple simultaneous presentation of unconditioned stimuli, meat paste, and the condition stimuli, sound from a tuning fork, the condition stimulus would eventually elicit a response, salvation, which originally could be elicited only by the unconditional stimulus. Unconditioned. Salivated to the sound of the tuning fork was referred to conditioned response.
I’m sorry. It got pretty interesting. He seized the same types of objective techniques… He seized upon Pavlov’s principle of condition and combining this with ideas he had already developed.
All right. Yeah. This is really interesting because you got a subchapter of the reinforcement theory. So yeah man, this is going to be really interesting and I’m going to be very glad to read it for you and go through it. So kind of that first little bit is… Well, it’s all stimulus response. So meat paste and the fork turning. You hearing it, right, you start to salivate. The stimulus is creating a response, right? At least that’s what I got so far. Whoa, this is a much larger chapter than I thought. Oh whoa. You’ve got to be kidding me. So this is a 40 page chapter, maybe 30. I doubt I’m going to be able to break it all the way down for you guys just because I only have 400 words. So what I’m going to do when I write the little paper is kind of give the maximum value that I find out in here. Now again, I won’t be able to give it all to you, but it’ll be as an action packed as I possibly can make it for you. All right.
Science Encyclopedia
All right. Now, while we were looking at the last one. This probably is not going to be an order. I shouldn’t have said that because it’s not going to make any sense for you guys listening to this right now. However, back over here, right? We looked at the Drives of a Lifetime. It was all right, not my favorite. Let’s go to North American Locomotives. No, I don’t want to look at that one. Science Encyclopedia. I’ll get that. It looks more of a kid book, so a kid book would make it all easy with pictures.
Let’s check it out.
I need to put this book down here so I don’t forget. We got matter…can you see it? my dirty sweater. That’s good enough. Electricity and magnetism, energy, motion, and machines, matter and chemicals. Let’s see, good stuff. This is pretty interesting. See, I told you this is why I like kids books. They draw pictures for you, and there’s always interesting things on the side. For all the kids out there, look at your books now, because once you get to college and everything it’s all text. Let’s look at about time. I got another book around or somewhere with, what is his name? The guy in the wheelchair? I don’t remember what his name is, who wrote all those theses and books on space and time and black holes and whatever. We’ll see if this book over here, which it’s going to do more difficult to film perfectly, but whatever. You guys can hear me. 198.
Look at the pictures. I like these. This guy, here you go. Stephen Hawking. See, I knew what I was talking about. Stephen Hawking. That’s crazy. Space and time, deep space. You also did some things on time. They probably are, more or less, close to get…they got him in there already so they already studied on him. That’s…oh no. This way, maybe? If I’m upside down, I apologize. We’ll just get back to the book. So look. See, this is what I like, kids books are great. They show it real easy for you. You know what I’m saying? They show you the sun and the earth and then we’re outside, and monkeys and…I don’t remember what they’re called. Chimpanzees, maybe? To the Neanderthals, whatever to stone or that the Olympus or whatever it’s called. Then to cities and airplanes and space and space stations. See, this is pretty cool. I Like this.
This is the only page. Look at that. It doesn’t give us too much, but measuring time over years, months, and days are worked out time. We are looking…let’s see. Hopefully you guys can see we’re looking right around here. Hours, minutes, fractions of seconds. The nearest hour or two can be near enough if time is not the essence of traditional events. Minutes, as time keeping devices became more accurate minutes counted as when catching a coach or train. Fractions of seconds, with electronic timing, one or two hundreds of a second can now mean a new world record.
That’s pretty interesting. Like I said, I’ll go more in depth on the paper. What I’m probably going to do is go a little bit more in depth because that page that doesn’t have very much, on that one page, but we’ll probably go deep space. No, because time and deep space aren’t really connected. Time and changing times, right? Changing times and past and future, there we go. All three of those right would be great, but not like…this is what I mean by more or less like a kids book. You can learn a lot from a kid’s because they put pictures in and they make it really simple. You’re not going to learn, especially with these experiments, we can try these out, one of these days. Optical illusions, seeing is believing. we can learn about mold.
Especially if you have kids, get this and then they showed you how to do everything, right? Where did it go? Did you know, as the Earth’s climate gets hotter with global warming, ice in the Arctic and Antarctica may start to melt. Sea levels will rise and many low lying places could be flooded.
Did you know?
Yes, I did. You know what I’m saying?
This is another did you know. I did not know this. Maybe I didn’t know it, let me tell you. Ships and boats float higher in salt water than they do on fresh water and that’s because the salt water is more dense than the fresh water. They got experiments for all this stuff over here. That’s just kind of, again, with build a library and you never know what you learned, right? That’s kind of what this was all about. Again, this is the Science Encyclopedia right there. Look forward to you guys reading a little bit more if you’re interested. I want to try some of these experiments. They’re base for kids, excuse me, but they look interesting to me.
How The Universe Works
What book is in store for us today? It is a little early in the morning and I’m a little lazy. Excuse me. I’m not lying. Let’s just do some easy stuff.
How the Universe Works. I’ve always wondered how it works, what about you guys? How the Universe Works:An illustrated guide to the cosmos and all we know about it. All right, let’s see what’s in here. Excuse me.
We got the secrets, we got the solar system, the earth and the moon, history of astronomy. I think I’ll probably go there. The space race, exploration missions. Well, there’s a lot more in this than I thought. Traveling to Mars and other worlds, I didn’t even know, we got Is it possible to colonize Mars?
Have you asserted for a film challenge? We got Connected With Space and then we got the Index. It looks like this is going to be a fun one because it’s full of pictures. Let’s go to…what do you guys think? I wish there was interactiveness where we can talk back and forth, but we can’t, so that kind of sucks. I’m curious about 196… really Jupiter in Focus 200. However, what is this Astronomical Clock of Su Song 120. Right? So we’re going to kind of jump around just a little bit. We’ll kind of go through 120, but our real focus is 200. See what I’m saying, this book is great because it got pictures. The whole thing is pictures, so it’s easy to learn.
What is this? The tree of life? A whole bunch of different things that…I got to focus more into this. This is interesting. Where did I say? 126? The First Astronomers.
All right. Here’s some well-known… I mean we’re not getting there, it’s just too many different things in here. 30 times the magnification of an object using the first telescope built by Galileo.
Look at that. Here we go, we got Claudius, we got that guy. Look at this guy, Nicholas Copernicus, he’s the one who proposed the sun was the center, not the earth. That’s great. Joseph Kepler, a German laws motion of the planets. Galileo, we all know Galileo, but what did he do? Discovered solar spots, the four moons of Jupiter, the phases of Venus and the Moon’s craters that’s it. Sir Isaac Newton and Edwin Hubble. So the Hubble Space Station.
All right, let’s get to back to where we were. What did I tell you? 126? Where’s the page numbers on this? No wonder it’s difficult for me to find anything, there’s no page number, oh there we go, right here, 126. This is too many, this is most definitely not what…well we know 200. Let’s just go to 200.
Jupiter in Focus. Look, here we go. A whole bunch of little many things we can learn. What’s this 14 years of a Galileo mission, ’89 to ’03. Where’s the…it took 14 years to do this? To get there? That’s forever! Look at this. However, the most significant visitor was Galileo, launched by NASA on October ’89. Galileo consisted of an orbiter… Okay, so we’re talking about some kind of space station. After a long voyage the atmospheric probe penetrated some 200 kilometers into the atmosphere on December 1995, transmitting data about the atmosphere’s chemical composition and Jupiter’s meteorological activity. The Orbiter continued sending information until it crashed into a gaseous giant on September. So that’s what it did.
No, this is… Well, how come they’re telling us on December 1995, and this is saying ’89 but they both died in September ’03. So I guess it took, what? Don’t telling me it took six years to get there? Are you kidding me! All right, I got to read more that’s a very long time.
Look, they crashed it on purpose. Look, it was crashed, it was sent to crash into the planet. The purpose was to avoid colliding with the moon Europa, because Europa has ice on it and they didn’t want to contaminate the ice. So that’s pretty interesting. So here’s a nice little timeline, right here. Look ’89 Galileo was launched by NASA from the space shuttle Atlantis with Jupiter as its destination. Galileo passes the earth on two occasions to get the necessary boost towards Jupiter. So what? They had to spin this around and slingshot us out there? Wow, this is crazy!
Wow! It, really did take six years. Galileo transmitted data from Venus, Galileo came across the asteroid Ida, Galileo approached the astroid 951 Gaspra and then…so look, we started here, boom! You see what I’m talking about? Galileo entered Jupiter and it began the scientific studies that continued until ’03 completed eight 35 orbits around the planet. Wow, that’s crazy! I’m I’m running out of time, but this is pretty interesting. Now we can do a little bit more in-depth of the Galileo. Who else wants to look at the technical data? $1.5 billion, 14 years. Now, it’s really not that expensive if you think about it.
All right. Well, again, we’re going a little bit long. I look forward to you guys reading the bottom part and learning more about Jupiter in Focus. Once again, we are; How the Universe Works: An illustrated guide. All right. See you all later.